Reverse solute diffusion (RSD) has important effect on FO scaling.
RSD of scaling precursors (Ca2 +, PO43 −, etc.) can promote severe Ca3(PO4)2 scaling.
RSD of anti-scaling agents (H+, EDTA, etc.) can suppress Ca3(PO4)2 scaling.
The effect of RSD of solute i is negligible if (Js/Jv)i ≪ (Cfeed)i.