Extended line defects (ELD) formed by 8-4 membered rings are energetically stable.
ELD could help to understand the grain boundaries in two dimensional materials.
It was found that the ELD are more stable in GaN and AlN than in BN monolayers.
The band gap is reduced when ELD are introduced into the honeycomb structures.
Nanoribbons and monolayers with ELD exhibited in-gap states.