The influence of turbulence model and two and three-dimensional domain selection on the simulated performance characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbines
2D CFD models cannot capture blade tip and strut effects. 3D CFD models can now accurately capture turbine power output. k-ω SST turbulence models provide the closest agreement with experimental results. Transition flow modeling is computationally demanding and only increases simulation accuracy at high rotational rates. BSL-RSM and k-ω SST Wall Function models poorly simulate power output.