CCD series no-22: Recent advances in RO, FO and PRO and their hybrid applications for high recovery desalination of treated sewage effluents
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- 作者：Avi Efraty avi@desalitech.com" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author
- 关键词：Reverse osmosis or RO ; Forward osmosis or FO ; Osmotic power ; Pressure retarded osmosis or PRO ; Closed circuit desalination or CCD ; Closed circuit pressure retarded osmosis or CC-PRO ; FO-CCD hybrid ; PRO-CCD hybrid ; Treated sewage effluents or TSE ; Seawater or SW ; ERD ; energy recovery device
- 刊名：Desalination
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：1 July 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：389
- 期：Complete
- 页码：18-38
- 全文大小：4428 K
文摘
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CCD & CC-PRO proceed with near absolute energy conversion efficiency without ERD.
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High recovery low energy CCD meets all future targets of the desalination industry.
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Detrimental effects on flux in PRO manifested by actual/ideal FO flux ratio
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Desalination by FO–RO and/or PRO–RO hybrids is energetically inferior to direct CCD.
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High recovery low energy water rescue from TSE by CCD is of highest cost effectiveness.