The results document significant changes in Tibetan climate and δ18Op since ∼21 ka BP.
Model and proxy data comparison shows a good agreement for the LGM, but large differences for the MH.
The elevation-δ18Op isotope lapse rate is found to vary both spatially and temporally.
The change of precipitation type to snow during the LGM can cause up to 4‰ changes in δ18Op.
Rainfall associated with the Indian monsoon was ∼44% less and ∼1 month shorter in the LGM than the PI.