In situ electrical impedance characterization of fouling by calcium agents in reverse osmosis membrane systems using Maxwell Wagner and hydrodynamic models
Inductive properties in polyamide membranes attributed to anisotropic hydrodynamics Conductivity and structural properties of membrane composites Membrane potential and ion exclusion mechanism attributed to bipolar structure Property changes that were earlier indicators of Ca2 + fouling than rapid flux decline Fouling mechanism attributed to Ca2 + binding to COO− groups in bipolar structure