We review extensive animal and human research suggesting interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) may affect cognition.
Case series data demonstrate cognitive dysfunction is associated with IEDs using simultaneous EEG during testing.
The occurrence of IEDs can lead to spurious conclusions about neurocognitive data.
Not appreciating IED effects can misinform epilepsy surgical planning and risk prediction, and obscure outcome research.
Understanding IED effects on cognition can improve seizure onset classification and illuminate brain-behavior relationships.