• 作者：Antonio Rosas^a ; ^{arosas@mncn.csic.es} ; Almudena Estalrrich^a ; Antonio Garcí ; a-Tabernero^a ; Markus Bastir^a ; Samuel Garcí ; a-Vargas^a ; Andrea Sá ; nchez-Meseguer^a ; Rosa Huguet^b ; Carles Lalueza-Fox^c ; Á ; ngel Peñ ; a-Meliá ; n^d ; Elena F. Kranioti^a ; David Santamarí ; a^e ; Marco de la Rasilla^e ; Javier Fortea^e ; ^&dagger ;
• 关键词：Né ; andertal ; Palé ; obiologie ; ADN ancien ; Palé ; olithique moyen
• 刊名：L'Anthropologie
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：January-March, 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：116
• 期：1
• 页码：57-76
• 全文大小：1369 K

This paper synthesizes and updates the information coming from the El Sidr¨®n (Asturias, Northern Spain) neandertal site. Since 2000, a new sample of Homo neanderthalensis dated to at least 49,000 years old is being systematically recovered at the El Sidr¨®n cave site. The bone assemblage is located in a secondary position, and certainly derives from a close location. The sample is almost exclusively composed of human remains. There is a moderate number of Middle Paleolithic stone tools (n ?#xA0;415) and very few macro-faunal remains. All skeletal parts are preserved, including some rare bones such as the hyoid bone. Teeth are abundant (n = 213), cranial and postcranial remains are also well represented, but fragmentary, with a special presence of foot and hand bones. A minimum number of thirteen individuals has been identified, comprising different developmental stages from infancy to adulthood: one infant, two juveniles, three adolescents, and seven adults. Paleobiology of the El Sidr¨®n humans fits the pattern found in other neandertal samples: a high incidence of dental hypoplasia and interproximal grooves, yet no serious traumatic lesions are present. Moreover, unambiguous evidence of human-induced modifications (cannibalism) was found on the human remains: cut marks, percussion pitting, conchoidal scars and adhering flakes. Individuals seem to have been treated differentially. Morphologically, the El Sidr¨®n humans show a large number of neandertal lineage-derived features even though certain traits place the sample at the limits of neandertal variation. Integrating the El Sidr¨®n human mandibles and occipital bones into the larger neandertal sample reveals a possible geographic patterning, with southern Neandertals showing broader faces with increased lower facial heights. Ancient DNA analyses have been carried out, developing an anti-contamination protocol of excavation for minimizing the risk of modern human DNA contamination. As a result both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA have been extracted from dental and osteological remains. Curiously, mtDNA comparative analyses suggest a population affinity of Iberian Peninsula Neandertals with Central European Neandertals. Nuclear DNA analyses have permitted the identification of some functional genes such as the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which regulates hair and skin pigmentation; the FOXP2, a gene involved in the development of language; and the gene involved in the ABO blood group system. Nowadays the large El Sidr¨®n sample is the most significant neandertal sample from the Iberian Peninsula, and augments the European evolutionary lineage fossil record, supporting ecogeographical variability across neandertal populations.