Programme, policies and products can produce ‘unintended outcomes’.
We need to study unintended effects for ethical (doing no harm) and technical (using them to improve interventions) reasons.
A critical examination of evaluation theory and practice is undertaken and it is found that:
despite wider acknowledgement of the phenomenon of unintended outcomes, evaluation theory is not adequately developed to examine such effects.
International development evaluation practices failed to focus on such effects despite a general consensus about their importance.