The true yield coefficient of exoelectrogenic bacteria was 0.1–0.3 g-VSS g-COD−1.
More positive anode potential and higher pH resulted in greater cell yield.
The apparent yield coefficient of exoelectrogens was 0.020 ± 0.008 g-VSS g-COD−1.
The decay coefficient of exoelectrogens was estimated to be 0.013 ± 0.002 d−1.
Waste sludge production in bioelectrochemical systems was substantially small.