- 作者：Lonneke A. van Tuijl ; Peter J. de Jong ; B. Esther Sportel ; Eva de Hullu ; Maaike H. Nauta
- 关键词：Adolescents ; Self-esteem ; Social anxiety disorder ; Depression ; Implicit association
- 刊名：Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- 出版年：March, 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：45
- 期：1
- 页码：113-121
- 全文大小：271 K
Background and Objectives
A negative self-view is a prominent factor in most cognitive vulnerability models of depression and anxiety. Recently, there has been increased attention to differentiate between the implicit (automatic) and the explicit (reflective) processing of self-related evaluations. This longitudinal study aimed to test the association between implicit and explicit self-esteem and symptoms of adolescent depression and social anxiety disorder. Two complementary models were tested: the vulnerability model and the scarring effect model.Method
Participants were 1641 first and second year pupils of secondary schools in the Netherlands. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, self-esteem Implicit Association Test and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale were completed to measure explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), respectively, at baseline and two-year follow-up.
Results
Explicit self-esteem at baseline was associated with symptoms of MDD and SAD at follow-up. Symptomatology at baseline was not associated with explicit self-esteem at follow-up. Implicit self-esteem was not associated with symptoms of MDD or SAD in either direction.
Limitations
We relied on self-report measures of MDD and SAD symptomatology. Also, findings are based on a non-clinical sample.
Conclusions
Our findings support the vulnerability model, and not the scarring effect model. The implications of these findings suggest support of an explicit self-esteem intervention to prevent increases in MDD and SAD symptomatology in non-clinical adolescents.