Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM₁₀ of urban, industrial and semi-urban areas in Malaysia

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• 作者：Anas Ahmad Jamhari ; Mazrura Sahani ; Mohd Talib Latif ; Kok Meng Chan ; Hock Seng Tan ; Md Firoz Khan ; Norhayati Mohd Tahir
• 关键词：Particulate matter ; PAHs ; Traffic emission ; Principal component analysis ; Diagnostic ratio ; Toxic equivalent factors ; Health risk assessment
• 刊名：Atmospheric Environment
• 出版年：April, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：86
• 期：Complete
• 页码：16-27
• 全文大小：1657 K

文摘

Particulate matter (PM₁₀) associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air were determined at two sites within the Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur (urban, KL) and Petaling Jaya (industrial, PJ), and one site outside the Klang Valley, Bangi (semi-urban, BG). This study aimed to determine the concentration and distribution of PAHs in PM₁₀ and the source of origin through principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratio analysis. This study also assessed the health risk from exposure to airborne BaP_eq. PM₁₀ samples were collected on glass fiber filter paper using a High Volume Sampler (HVS) for 24聽h between September 2010 and April 2011. The filter papers with PM₁₀ were extracted using dichloromethane-methanol (3:1), and analysis of 16 USEPA priority PAHs was determined using gas chromatography with mass spectra (GC-MS). Health risk assessment was estimated using toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) which quantitatively estimate the exposure risk for age specific group. The results showed that the total PAHs concentrations throughout seasonal monsoons for KL, PJ and BG ranged from 1.33聽ng聽m^鈭? to 2.97聽ng聽m^鈭?, 2.24聽ng聽m^鈭? to 4.84聽ng聽m^鈭? and 1.64聽ng聽m^鈭? to 3.45聽ng聽m^鈭? respectively. More than 80% of total PAHs consisted of 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP). The presence of benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP) with high concentration at all locations suggested a source indicator for traffic emission. PCA and diagnostic ratio analysis also suggested substantial contributions from traffic emission with minimal influence from coal combustion and natural gas emissions. The use of total BaP_eq concentration provide a better estimation of carcinogenicity activities, where they contributed to more than 50% of the potential health risk. Health risk assessment showed that the estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from exposure to airborne BaP_eq is negligible at all sampling sites for all age specific group.