G. ruber calibrations of Mg/Casw–Mg/Catest and Mg/Ca–temperature at Mg/Casw = 3.4.
The Mg/Catest–Mg/Casw–temperature relationship is nonlinear.
We reconstruct Mg/Casw for the last 5 Ma and show Pliocene Mg/Casw was 17% lower.
Pliocene surface and deep ocean temperature have been underestimated by 0.9–1.9 °C.
Pliocene sea level may have been overestimated based on coupled Mg/Ca–δ18O.