Mixing of residues with top soil resulted in a 3 fold increase in residue-derived CO2 and N2O losses.
Increasing the rate of residue input led to greater priming of existing SOC and elevated N2O losses.
There was a decline in the stabilisation efficiency of C inputs at higher input levels.
There was an increase in residue-derived C recovery with mixing with majority (57%) in active C pool.
High rates of residue input and mixing resulted in GHG fluxes outweighing SOC gains over 12 months.