Can melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine specimens predict the total previous 24-hour melamine excretion level in school children?

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Yi-Ting Lin^a ; ^b ; ¹ ; Meng-Tian Tsai^b ; ¹ ; Yi-Ling Chen^b ; ^c ; Ching-Mei Cheng^b ; ^d ; Chun-Chi Hung^b ; ^d ; Chia-Fang Wu^b ; Chia-Chu Liu^e ; ^f ; ^g ; Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh^h ; Jentaie Shieaⁱ ; Bai-Hsiun Chen^j ; ^k ; Ming-Tsang Wu^a ; ^b ; ^l ; ^{960021@ms.kmuh.org.tw}
• 关键词：Melamine ; Urine ; Toxicity ; N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase ; Microalbumin
• 刊名：Clinica Chimica Acta
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：May, 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：420
• 期：Complete
• 页码：128-133
• 全文大小：437 K

文摘

Background

We investigated whether melamine concentrations in 1-spot overnight urine sample can represent the previous 8- and 24-h total urinary melamine excretions in school children. The relationship between urinary melamine levels and several clinical biomarkers of early renal injury such as microalbumin and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine was also examined.

Methods

School children, aged 6-10 y, and their parents who were healthy and lived closely to Kaohsiung Medical University-affiliated hospitals were recruited. All study children had the first 1-spot overnight urine sample collected on the Sunday morning (the first day) immediately when they woke up, and then all the subsequent urine samples continued to be collected until the first 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the next day (Monday, the second day). Two first 1-spot overnight urine samples from their parents on the same Sunday and Monday mornings were also collected. This protocol was completed in the July and August of 2011. All urine samples were measured for melamine, biomarkers of early renal injury, and creatinine.

Results

There were 7 girls and 16 boys in this study. Except for one missing urine sample from 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the second day, melamine levels in the rest of urine samples among the study children were all detectable. The median melamine levels of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the first and second day mornings were 0.93 and 1.73 ¦Ìg/mmol of creatinine respectively. We found that melamine concentrations of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the second day morning were highly correlated with the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine (r = 0.936, p < 0.001, n = 21 and r = 0.616, p < 0.001, n = 21 respectively). Good correlation of 1-spot overnight urine sample on the first and second day mornings was also found (r = 0.619, p = 0.003, n = 21). In contrast, there were no significant correlations of 24-h total urinary melamine and 24-h total urinary microalbumin and NAG excretions (r = ? 0.221, p = 0.319, n = 22 and r = 0.084, p = 0.710, n = 22).

Conclusion

Melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine sample can predict the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine. Since melamine exposure levels in these school children were relatively low, its association with clinical biomarkers of early renal injury was not found. A future study is necessary to increase the sample size and to find the more sensitive preclinical biomarkers of renal injury to link with low melamine exposure in children in the community.