- 作者：Joshua Heinemann ; Timothy Hamerly ; Walid S. Maaty ; Navid Movahed ; Joseph D. Steffens ; Benjamin D. Reeves ; Jonathan K. Hilmer ; Jesse Therien ; Paul A. Grieco ; John W. Peters ; Brian Bothner
- 关键词：Thiol ; Glutathione ; Thermophile ; Disulfide ; Proteomics ; Metabolomics
- 刊名：Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects
- 出版年：January, 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：1840
- 期：1
- 页码：80-85
- 全文大小：652 K
Background
The current paradigm of intracellular redox chemistry maintains that cells establish a reducing environment maintained by a pool of small molecule and protein thiol to protect against oxidative damage. This strategy is conserved in mesophilic organisms from all domains of life, but has been confounded in thermophilic organisms where evidence suggests that intracellular proteins have abundant disulfides.Methods
Chemical labeling and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to capture disulfide bonding in the proteome of the model thermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. The redox poise of the metabolome was characterized using both chemical labeling and untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Gene annotation was undertaken using support vector machine based pattern recognition.
Results
Proteomic analysis indicated the intracellular protein thiol of S. solfataricus was primarily in the disulfide form. Metabolic characterization revealed a lack of reduced small molecule thiol. Glutathione was found primarily in the oxidized state (GSSG), at relatively low concentration. Combined with genetic analysis, this evidence shows that pathways for synthesis of glutathione do exist in the archaeal domain.
Conclusions
In observed thermophilic organisms, thiol abundance and redox poise suggest that this system is not directly utilized for protection against oxidative damage. Instead, a more oxidized intracellular environment promotes disulfide bonding, a critical adaptation for protein thermostability.
General significance
Based on the placement of thermophilic archaea close to the last universal common ancestor in rRNA phylogenies, we hypothesize that thiol-based redox systems are derived from metabolic pathways originally tasked with promoting protein stability.