IHD accounted for 1572 and stroke for 653 of all deaths. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality from IHD in men varied from 1.3 (95 % confidence interval, 1.1–1.5) to 3.0 (2.3–3.8) and in women from 1.2 (1.0–1.5) to 1.9 (1.4–2.5) for cough symptoms and severe dyspnoea, respectively. Symptom score predicted death from IHD, in a dose–response manner. The HR for mortality from stroke varied from 1.0 to 2.3 in men and from 1.1 to 1.5 in women for the symptom groups, but was significant only among men reporting severe dyspnoea and among women reporting moderate dyspnoea. For all respiratory symptoms, the excess risk for cardiovascular mortality decreased during follow-up, but IHD-mortality was still significantly increased the last decade.
We found a significant, positive association between respiratory symptoms and 30-year mortality from IHD. The positive association was weaker between respiratory symptoms and long-term mortality from stroke.
Dietary vitamin C intake is inversely related to cough ... Respiratory Medicine |
Respiratory Medicine, Volume 97, Issue 2, February 2003, Pages 134-142 E. OMENAAS, Ø. FLUGE, A. S. BUIST, W. M. VOLLMER, A. GULSVIK Abstract We aimed to investigate whether dietary vitamin C intake, an important antioxidant, is inversely related to self-reported respiratory symptoms in young adults of a community. A random sample of 4300 subjects, aged 20 – 44 years, living in Bergen, Norway, received a postal questionnaire on respiratory symptoms; 80 % responded. Vitamin C intake (mg per week) was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire asking how often the subject, during the last year, had consumed units of orange juice, oranges, potatoes, carrots and tomatoes. Significant differences in the intake of vitamin C were observed across smoking categories with current smokers having the lowest intake, while there was no variation by gender, age or occupational dust exposure. Dietary vitamin C intake was in univariate analyses inversely related to “morning cough”, “chronic cough”, “wheeze” and “wheeze ever”. After adjusting for gender, age, body mass index, “occupational exposure”; pack-years as well as having and stratified on smoking habits in multiple logistic regression analyses, the relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and “cough” and “wheeze” tended to be associated to smoking. The odds ratio (OR) for “morning cough” was 0.68 (95 % CI: 0.35–0.95), “chronic cough” OR 0.69 (95 % CI: 0.47–1.04) and “wheeze ever” OR 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.56–1.01) in current-smokers with dietary vitamin C intake in the upper (≥395 mg/week) vs. the lower (<209 mg/week) tertile. The OR for “wheeze” was 0.56 (95 % CI: 0.35–0.88) in ex-smokers. The magnitude of these effects remained after excluding subjects with supplementary vitamin C intake (n=199) from the statistical analyses. Among young Norwegian adults, having a low prevalence of asthma and high prevalences of smoking-related respiratory symptoms, dietary vitamin C intake may act as an antioxidant and thereby reduce cough and wheeze in smokers having high oxidant stress. |
Asbestos exposure and the risk of lung cancer in urban ... Advances in Environmental Control Technology: Health an... |
Advances in Environmental Control Technology: Health and Toxicology, 1997, Pages 127-136 Anti Karjalainen, Anttila Sisko Abstract SummaryLung cancer is numerically the most important malignant disease in the world 1. Tobacco smoke is by far the most important single cause of lung cancer, but several other factors—like arsenic, arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chromates, mustard gas, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radon daughters—are known to increase the risk of lung cancer 2, 3. |
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