Therefore, both wildtype and ApoE鈭?鈭?/sup> mice that exhibit increased serum plasma cholesterol levels fed with normal or high cholesterol diet were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis of peripheral immune responses revealed an ischemia-induced acute leukocytosis in the blood, which was accompanied by enhanced myeloid cell and specifically granulocyte cell counts in the spleen and blood of ApoE鈭?鈭?/sup> mice fed with Western diet. These cellular immune changes were further associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-伪. Moreover, endogenous stroke-induced endothelial activation as well as CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 expression were increased, thus resulting in accelerated leukocyte, particularly granulocyte accumulation, and enhanced ischemic tissue damage. The latter was revealed by larger infarct volumes and increased local DNA fragmentation in ischemic brains of ApoE鈭?鈭?/sup> mice on Western diet. These effects were not observed in wildtype mice on normal or Western diet and in ApoE鈭?鈭?/sup> mice on normal diet. Our data demonstrate that the combination of both ApoE knockout and a high cholesterol diet leads to increased ischemia-induced peripheral and cerebral immune responses, which go along with enhanced cerebral tissue injury. Thus, clinically predisposing conditions related to peripheral inflammation such as hypercholesterolemia should be included in up-coming preclinical stroke research.