This overview describes, com
pares, and attem
pts to unify major themes related to the biosynthetic
pathways and endocrine regulation of insect
pheromone
production. Rather than develo
ping and dedicating an entirely unique set of enzymes for
pheromone biosynthesis, insects a
ppear to have evolved to add one or a few tissue-s
pecific auxiliary or modified enzymes that transform the
products of “normal” metabolism to
pheromone com
pounds of high stereochemical and quantitative s
pecificity. This general understanding is derived from research on model s
pecies from one exo
pterygote insect order (Blattodea) and three endo
pterygote insect orders (Coleo
ptera, Di
ptera, and Le
pido
ptera). For instance, the ketone hydrocarbon contact sex
pheromone of the female German cockroach,
Blattella germanica, derives its origins from fatty acid biosynthesis, arising from elongation of a methyl-branched fatty acyl–CoA moiety followed by decarboxylation, hydroxylation, and oxidation. Coleo
pteran sex and aggregation
pheromones also arise from modifications of fatty acid biosynthesis or other biosynthetic
pathways, such as the iso
prenoid
pathway (e.g. Cucujidae, Curculionidae, and Scolytidae), or from sim
ple transformations of amino acids or other highly elaborated host
precursors (e.g. Scarabaeidae and Scolytidae). Like the sex
pheromone of
B. germanica, female-
produced di
pteran (e.g. Droso
philidae and Muscidae) sex
pheromone com
ponents originate from elongation of fatty acyl–CoA moieties followed by loss of the carbonyl carbon and the formation of the corres
ponding hydrocarbon. Female-
produced le
pido
pteran sex
pheromones are also derived from fatty acids, but many moths utilize a s
pecies-s
pecific combination of desaturation and chain-shortening reactions followed by reductive modification of the carbonyl carbon. Carbon skeletons derived from amino acids can also be used as chain initiating units and elongated to le
pido
pteran
pheromones by this
pathway (e.g. Arctiidae and Noctuidae).<
p>Insects utilize at least three hormonal messengers to regulate
pheromone biosynthesis. Blattodean and coleo
pteran
pheromone
production is induced by juvenile hormone III (JH III). In the female common house fly,
Musca domestica, and
possibly other s
pecies of Di
ptera, it a
ppears that during hydrocarbon sex
pheromone biosynthesis, ovarian-
produced ecdysteroids regulate synthesis by affecting the activities of one or more fatty acyl–CoA elongation enzyme(s) (elongases). Le
pido
pteran sex
pheromone biosynthesis is often mediated by a 33 or 34 amino acid
pheromone
biosynthesis
activating
neuro
pe
ptide (PBAN) through alteration of enzyme activities at one or more ste
ps
prior to or during fatty acid synthesis or during modification of the carbonyl grou
p. Although a molecular level understanding of the regulation of insect
pheromone biosynthesis is in its infancy, in the male California fives
pined i
ps,
Ips paraconfusus (Coleo
ptera: Scolytidae), JH III acts at the transcri
ptional level by increasing the abundance of mRNA for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in de novo iso
prenoid aggregation
pheromone biosynthesis.
p""> Publisher: | p""> Elsevier Science |
p""> Language of Publication: | p""> English |
p""> Item Identifier: | p""> S0965-1748(99)00016-8 |
p""> Publication Type: | p""> Miscellaneous |
p""> ISSN: | p""> 0965-1748 |
p""> Cited by: | p""> - Altstein, Miriam; Ben-Aziz, Orna; Daniel, Shai; Zeltser, Irina; Gilon, Chaim,""Pyrokinin/PBAN radio-receptor assay: development and application for the characterization of a putative receptor from the pheromone gland of Heliothis peltigerap
>2p>""Peptides2001pp. 1379-1389 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=01969781&issue=v22i0009&article=1379_pradaatpgohp"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=01969781&issue=v22i0009&article=1379_pradaatpgohp&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextRosenfield, Claire-Lise; You, Kyung Man; Marsella-Herrick, Patricia; Roelofs, Wendell L.; Knipple, Douglas C.,""Structural and functional conservation and divergence among acyl-CoA desaturases of two noctuid species, the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zeap>3p>, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2001pp. 949-964 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v31i0010&article=949_safcadatcltn"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v31i0010&article=949_safcadatcltn&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextMatsumoto, Shogo; Yoshiga, Toyoshi; Yokoyama, Norihiro; Iwanaga, Masashi; Koshiba, Seizo; Kigawa, Takanori; Hirota, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Shigeyuki; Okano, Kazuhiro; Mita, Kazuei; Shimada, Toru; Tatsuki, Sadahiro,""Characterization of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) in the pheromone gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2001pp. 603-609 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v31i6-7&article=603_coapitgotsbm"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v31i6-7&article=603_coapitgotsbm&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextFoster, S.P.,""Fatty acyl pheromone analogue-containing lipids and their roles in sex pheromone biosynthesis in the lightbrown apple moth, Epipyhas postvittana (Walker)""Journal of Insect Physiology2001pp. 433-443 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=00221910&issue=v47i4-5&article=433_fapalatlamep"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=00221910&issue=v47i4-5&article=433_fapalatlamep&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextCuvillier-Hot, Virginie; Cobb, Matthew; Malosse, Christian; Peeters, Christian,""Sex, age and ovarian activity affect cuticular hydrocarbons in Diacamma ceylonense, a queenless ant""Journal of Insect Physiology2001pp. 485-493 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=00221910&issue=v47i4-5&article=485_saaoaaidcaqa"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=00221910&issue=v47i4-5&article=485_saaoaaidcaqa&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextChoi, Man-Yeon; Han, Kyeung Sik; Boo, Kyung Saeng; Jurenka, Russell A.,""Pheromone biosynthetic pathways in the moths Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa assulta""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2002pp. 1353-1359 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v32i0011&article=1353_pbpitmhzaha"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v32i0011&article=1353_pbpitmhzaha&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextMatsumoto, S.; Fonagy, A.; Yamamoto, M.; Wang, F.; Yokoyama, N.; Esumi, Y.; Suzuki, Y.,""Chemical characterization of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the pheromone-producing cells of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2002pp. 1447-1455 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v32i0011&article=1447_ccocldcotsbm"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v32i0011&article=1447_ccocldcotsbm&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextSpiegel, Carolina N.; Brazil, Reginaldo P.; Soares, Maurilio J.,""Ultrastructure of male sex pheromone glands in abdominal tergites of five Lutzomyia sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae)""Arthropod Structure and Development2002pp. 219-227 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v30i0003&article=219_uomspgoflssp"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v30i0003&article=219_uomspgoflssp&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextTittiger, Claus; Barkawi, Lana S.; Bengoa, Cody S.; Blomquist, Gary J.; Seybold, Steven J.,""Structure and juvenile hormone-mediated regulation of the HMG-CoA reductase gene from the Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi""Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology2003pp. 11-21 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03037207&issue=v199i1-2&article=11_sajhrotjpbdj"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03037207&issue=v199i1-2&article=11_sajhrotjpbdj&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextVillorbina, G.; Rodriguez, S.; Camps, F.; Fabrias, G.,""Comparative sex pherome biosynthesis in Thaumetopoea pityocampa and T. processionea: a rationale for the phenotypic variation in the sex pherome within the Genus Thaumetopoea""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2003pp. 155-161 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v33i0002&article=155_cspbitspwtgt"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v33i0002&article=155_cspbitspwtgt&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextJeong, Seong Eun; Rosenfield, Claire-Lise; Marsella-Herrick, Patricia; Man You, Kyung; Knipple, Douglas C.,""Multiple acyl-CoA desaturase-encoding transcripts in pheromone glands of Helicoverpa assulta, the oriental tobacco budworm""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2003pp. 609-622 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v33i0006&article=609_madtiphatotb"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=09651748&issue=v33i0006&article=609_madtiphatotb&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextNelson, Dennis R.; Charlet, Laurence D.,""Cuticular hydrocarbons of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis""Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B2003pp. 273-284 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=10964959&issue=v135i0002&article=273_chotsbze"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=10964959&issue=v135i0002&article=273_chotsbze&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full Textik, J.; Weyda, F.; Hanus, R.,""Ultrastructure of epidermal glands in neotenic reproductives of the termite Prorhinotermes simplex (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)""Arthropod Structure and Development2003pp. 201-208 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v32i2-3&article=201_uoeginottpsr"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v32i2-3&article=201_uoeginottpsr&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextO'Dell, Kevin M.C.,""The voyeurs' guide to Drosophila melanogaster courtship""Behavioural Processes2003pp. 211-223 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03766357&issue=v64i0002&article=211_tvgtdmc"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03766357&issue=v64i0002&article=211_tvgtdmc&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextEigenheer, Andrea L.; Keeling, Christopher I.; Young, Sharon; Tittiger, Claus,""Comparison of gene representation in midguts from two phytophagous insects, Bombyx mori and Ips pini, using expressed sequence tags""Gene2003pp. 127-136 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03781119&issue=v316inone&article=127_cogrimipuest"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=03781119&issue=v316inone&article=127_cogrimipuest&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextRaina, Ashok K.; Wergin, William P.; Murphy, Charles A.; Erbe, Eric F.,""Structural organization of the sex pheromone gland in Helicoverpa zea in relation to pheromone production and release""Arthropod Structure and Development2000pp. 343-353 p://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v29i0004&article=343_sootsprtppar"">Bibliographic Pagep://202.120.13.78/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=14678039&issue=v29i0004&article=343_sootsprtppar&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full Text |
| Footnotes: - <p>Current Address: Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6125, USA
Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 505/01, 2001 series. - <p>Database Accession Numbers: HzPGDs1 (AF272342), HzPGDs2 (AF272343), HzPGDs3 (AF272344), HzFBDs (AF272345), HzPGDs1 introns (AF297105, AF297106), HzPGDs2 introns (AF297107, AF297108), HzPGDs3 introns (AF297109), HzFBDs introns (AF312767, AF297111), TnPGD11Ds introns (AF297113, AF297114), TnFBD9Ds introns (AF297115, AF297116).
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