Insect pheromones—an overview of biosynthesis and endocrine regulation

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• 作者：Tillman ; Julie A. ; Seybold ; Steven J. ; et. al.
• 关键词：Insect pheromones ; Pheromone biosynthesis ; Endocrine regulation ; De novo pheromone biosynthesis ; Host-derived pheromone biosynthesis ; Blattodea ; Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide ; Juvenile hormone ; 20-hydroxy
• 刊名：Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• 出版年：1999
• 出版时间：June, 1999
• 年：1999
• 卷：29
• 期：6
• 页码：481-514
• 全文大小：483 K

文摘

This overview describes, compares, and attempts to unify major themes related to the biosynthetic pathways and endocrine regulation of insect pheromone production. Rather than developing and dedicating an entirely unique set of enzymes for pheromone biosynthesis, insects appear to have evolved to add one or a few tissue-specific auxiliary or modified enzymes that transform the products of “normal” metabolism to pheromone compounds of high stereochemical and quantitative specificity. This general understanding is derived from research on model species from one exopterygote insect order (Blattodea) and three endopterygote insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera). For instance, the ketone hydrocarbon contact sex pheromone of the female German cockroach, Blattella germanica, derives its origins from fatty acid biosynthesis, arising from elongation of a methyl-branched fatty acyl–CoA moiety followed by decarboxylation, hydroxylation, and oxidation. Coleopteran sex and aggregation pheromones also arise from modifications of fatty acid biosynthesis or other biosynthetic pathways, such as the isoprenoid pathway (e.g. Cucujidae, Curculionidae, and Scolytidae), or from simple transformations of amino acids or other highly elaborated host precursors (e.g. Scarabaeidae and Scolytidae). Like the sex pheromone of B. germanica, female-produced dipteran (e.g. Drosophilidae and Muscidae) sex pheromone components originate from elongation of fatty acyl–CoA moieties followed by loss of the carbonyl carbon and the formation of the corresponding hydrocarbon. Female-produced lepidopteran sex pheromones are also derived from fatty acids, but many moths utilize a species-specific combination of desaturation and chain-shortening reactions followed by reductive modification of the carbonyl carbon. Carbon skeletons derived from amino acids can also be used as chain initiating units and elongated to lepidopteran pheromones by this pathway (e.g. Arctiidae and Noctuidae).

Insects utilize at least three hormonal messengers to regulate pheromone biosynthesis. Blattodean and coleopteran pheromone production is induced by juvenile hormone III (JH III). In the female common house fly, Musca domestica, and possibly other species of Diptera, it appears that during hydrocarbon sex pheromone biosynthesis, ovarian-produced ecdysteroids regulate synthesis by affecting the activities of one or more fatty acyl–CoA elongation enzyme(s) (elongases). Lepidopteran sex pheromone biosynthesis is often mediated by a 33 or 34 amino acid pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) through alteration of enzyme activities at one or more steps prior to or during fatty acid synthesis or during modification of the carbonyl group. Although a molecular level understanding of the regulation of insect pheromone biosynthesis is in its infancy, in the male California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), JH III acts at the transcriptional level by increasing the abundance of mRNA for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in de novo isoprenoid aggregation pheromone biosynthesis. Publisher: Elsevier Science Language of Publication: English Item Identifier: S0965-1748(99)00016-8 Publication Type: Miscellaneous ISSN: 0965-1748 Cited by:

1. Altstein, Miriam; Ben-Aziz, Orna; Daniel, Shai; Zeltser, Irina; Gilon, Chaim,""Pyrokinin/PBAN radio-receptor assay: development and application for the characterization of a putative receptor from the pheromone gland of Heliothis peltigera²""Peptides2001pp. 1379-1389
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2. Rosenfield, Claire-Lise; You, Kyung Man; Marsella-Herrick, Patricia; Roelofs, Wendell L.; Knipple, Douglas C.,""Structural and functional conservation and divergence among acyl-CoA desaturases of two noctuid species, the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea³, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2001pp. 949-964
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3. Matsumoto, Shogo; Yoshiga, Toyoshi; Yokoyama, Norihiro; Iwanaga, Masashi; Koshiba, Seizo; Kigawa, Takanori; Hirota, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Shigeyuki; Okano, Kazuhiro; Mita, Kazuei; Shimada, Toru; Tatsuki, Sadahiro,""Characterization of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) in the pheromone gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2001pp. 603-609
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4. Foster, S.P.,""Fatty acyl pheromone analogue-containing lipids and their roles in sex pheromone biosynthesis in the lightbrown apple moth, Epipyhas postvittana (Walker)""Journal of Insect Physiology2001pp. 433-443
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5. Cuvillier-Hot, Virginie; Cobb, Matthew; Malosse, Christian; Peeters, Christian,""Sex, age and ovarian activity affect cuticular hydrocarbons in Diacamma ceylonense, a queenless ant""Journal of Insect Physiology2001pp. 485-493
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6. Choi, Man-Yeon; Han, Kyeung Sik; Boo, Kyung Saeng; Jurenka, Russell A.,""Pheromone biosynthetic pathways in the moths Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa assulta""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2002pp. 1353-1359
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7. Matsumoto, S.; Fonagy, A.; Yamamoto, M.; Wang, F.; Yokoyama, N.; Esumi, Y.; Suzuki, Y.,""Chemical characterization of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the pheromone-producing cells of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2002pp. 1447-1455
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8. Spiegel, Carolina N.; Brazil, Reginaldo P.; Soares, Maurilio J.,""Ultrastructure of male sex pheromone glands in abdominal tergites of five Lutzomyia sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae)""Arthropod Structure and Development2002pp. 219-227
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9. Tittiger, Claus; Barkawi, Lana S.; Bengoa, Cody S.; Blomquist, Gary J.; Seybold, Steven J.,""Structure and juvenile hormone-mediated regulation of the HMG-CoA reductase gene from the Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi""Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology2003pp. 11-21
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10. Villorbina, G.; Rodriguez, S.; Camps, F.; Fabrias, G.,""Comparative sex pherome biosynthesis in Thaumetopoea pityocampa and T. processionea: a rationale for the phenotypic variation in the sex pherome within the Genus Thaumetopoea""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2003pp. 155-161
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11. Jeong, Seong Eun; Rosenfield, Claire-Lise; Marsella-Herrick, Patricia; Man You, Kyung; Knipple, Douglas C.,""Multiple acyl-CoA desaturase-encoding transcripts in pheromone glands of Helicoverpa assulta, the oriental tobacco budworm""Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2003pp. 609-622
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12. Nelson, Dennis R.; Charlet, Laurence D.,""Cuticular hydrocarbons of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis""Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B2003pp. 273-284
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13. ik, J.; Weyda, F.; Hanus, R.,""Ultrastructure of epidermal glands in neotenic reproductives of the termite Prorhinotermes simplex (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)""Arthropod Structure and Development2003pp. 201-208
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14. O'Dell, Kevin M.C.,""The voyeurs' guide to Drosophila melanogaster courtship""Behavioural Processes2003pp. 211-223
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15. Eigenheer, Andrea L.; Keeling, Christopher I.; Young, Sharon; Tittiger, Claus,""Comparison of gene representation in midguts from two phytophagous insects, Bombyx mori and Ips pini, using expressed sequence tags""Gene2003pp. 127-136
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16. Raina, Ashok K.; Wergin, William P.; Murphy, Charles A.; Erbe, Eric F.,""Structural organization of the sex pheromone gland in Helicoverpa zea in relation to pheromone production and release""Arthropod Structure and Development2000pp. 343-353
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Footnotes:

1. Current Address: Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6125, USA

2. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 505/01, 2001 series.

3. Database Accession Numbers: HzPGDs1 (AF272342), HzPGDs2 (AF272343), HzPGDs3 (AF272344), HzFBDs (AF272345), HzPGDs1 introns (AF297105, AF297106), HzPGDs2 introns (AF297107, AF297108), HzPGDs3 introns (AF297109), HzFBDs introns (AF312767, AF297111), TnPGD11Ds introns (AF297113, AF297114), TnFBD9Ds introns (AF297115, AF297116).