Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: History, trends, causes, and impacts

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• 作者：Alan J. Lewitus ; Rita A. Horner ; David A. Caron ; Ernesto Garcia-Mendoza ; Barbara M. Hickey ; Matthew Hunter ; Daniel D. Huppert ; Raphael M. Kudela ; Gregg W. Langlois ; John L. Largier ; Evelyn J. Lessard ; Raymond RaLonde ; J.E. Jack Rensel ; Peter G. Strutton ; Vera L. Trainer ; Jacqueline F. Tweddle
• 关键词：Alexandrium ; Domoic acid ; Harmful algal blooms ; Heterosigma ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; Pseudo-nitzschia
• 刊名：Harmful Algae
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：September, 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：19
• 期：Complete
• 页码：133-159
• 全文大小：1905 K

文摘

Along the Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Mexico, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have caused losses to natural resources and coastal economies, and have resulted in human sicknesses and deaths for decades. Recent reports indicate a possible increase in their prevalence and impacts of these events on living resources over the last 10-15 years. Two types of HABs pose the most significant threat to coastal ecosystems in this ¡°west coast¡± region: dinoflagellates of the genera m>Alexandriumm>, m>Gymnodiniumm>, and m>Pyrodiniumm> that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diatoms of the genus m>Pseudo-nitzschiam> that produce domoic acid (DA), the cause of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans. These species extend throughout the region, while problems from other HABs (e.g., fish kills linked to raphidophytes or m>Cochlodiniumm>, macroalgal blooms related to invasive species, sea bird deaths caused by surfactant-like proteins produced by m>Akashiwo sanguineam>, hepatotoxins from m>Microcystism>, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning from m>Dinophysism>, and dinoflagellate-produced yessotoxins) are less prevalent but potentially expanding. This paper presents the state-of-knowledge on HABs along the west coast as a step toward meeting the need for integration of HAB outreach, research, and management efforts.