Effects of Extended Freezer Storage on the Integrity of Human Milk

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• 作者：Ali Faraghi Ahrabi ; MD¹ ; Deepali Handa ; MD¹ ; Champa N. Codipilly ; PhD¹ ; ² ; ³ ; Syed Shah ; MD² ; Janet E. Williams ; MS⁴ ; Mark A. McGuire ; PhD⁴ ; Debra Potak ; RN¹ ; Grace Golda Aharon² ; Richard J. Schanler ; MD¹ ; ² ; ³ ; ^{schanler@northwell.edu" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author}
• 关键词：human milk ; storage of human milk ; refrigeration of human milk ; milk integrity ; preterm infants ; NICU
• 刊名：The Journal of Pediatrics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：October 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：177
• 期：Complete
• 页码：140-143
• 全文大小：198 K

文摘

To examine the integrity (pH, bacterial counts, host defense factors, nutrient contents, and osmolality) of freshly expressed and previously refrigerated human milk subjected to long-term freezer storage.

Study design

Mothers donated 100 mL of freshly expressed milk. Samples were divided into baseline, storage at −20°C (fresh frozen) for 1, 3, 6, and 9 months, and prior storage at +4°C for 72 hours (refrigerated frozen) before storage at −20°C for 1 to 9 months. Samples were analyzed for pH, total bacterial colony count, gram-positive and gram-negative colony counts, and concentrations of total protein, fat, nonesterified fatty acids, lactoferrin, secretory IgA, and osmolality.

Results

Milk pH, total bacterial colony count, and Gram-positive colony counts decreased significantly with freezer storage (P < .001); bacterial counts decreased most rapidly in the refrigerated frozen group. The gram-negative colony count decreased significantly over time (P < .001). Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations increased significantly with time in storage (P < .001). Freezing for up to 9 months did not affect total protein, fat, lactoferrin, secretory IgA, or osmolality in either group.

Conclusions

Freezer storage of human milk for 9 months at −20°C is associated with decreasing pH and bacterial counts, but preservation of key macronutrients and immunoactive components, with or without prior refrigeration for 72 hours. These data support current guidelines for freezer storage of human milk for up to 9 months for both freshly expressed and refrigerated milk.