Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) toxicity to leaf litter decomposition was investigated in arid sandy soil. Microbial biomass carbon and colony forming units were significantly reduced by ZnO NPs in litter-amended soil. A decrease in CO2 emission, carbon and nitrogen mineralization from leaf litter was observed in ZnO NPs amended soil. ZnO NPs reduced carbon and nitrogen mineralization efficiency of leaf litter by 130 and 122% respectively.