15N2 is the only direct method for quantifying biological N2 fixation (BNF). The central role of 15N2 in studies of BNF over the past 75 years is reviewed. Indirect 15N methods for estimating BNF should be verified by the 15N2 method. Stable isotope probing with 15N2 can identify uncultured diazotrophs. The role of BNF as a source of reactive N and N2O requires further study.