It is a challenging work because the blood substitutes were designed to complement standard blood transfusions with large quantities for intravenous infusion in extreme, life-threatening situations.

However, evaluation of oxygenation of multiple organs and tissue-specific oxygenation after oxygen carriers infusion remains a challenge and it is the goal of preclinical evaluation of these products.

A promising type of hemoglobin loaded nanoparticle (HbP) with a narrow size distribution, high oxygen affinity, stability, blood compatibility and a viscosity comparable to that of whole blood, was successfully fabricated.

We used a controlled hemorrhage model to demonstrate the efficiency of in vivo oxygenation of the HbPs.