Early onset of co-shedding for gap ratio = 0.5 for tandem cylinders with near-wall.
Parallel double-vortex row arrangement in co-shedding regime at e/D=0.5.
Inviscid Kármán stability analysis of parallel vortex double-rows.
Gradual recovery of tandem freestream dynamics from gap ratio=3–5.0.
Enhanced unsteady fluctuations in force signals of downstream cylinder.