Examined real-world route learning using sketchmaps, visuospatial tasks, and surveys.
Sketchmap, behavioral, and survey data implicated two subtypes of survey-based representations.
Designed a new Navigation Strategy Questionnaire with three highly reliable scales.
The new egocentric spatial updating scale well-predicted pointing-to-landmarks performance.
Sketchers of egocentric-survey sketchmaps reported the highest use of egocentric spatial updating strategy.