A comparison of lead-acid and lithium-based battery behavior and capacity fade in off-grid renewable charging applications

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• 作者：Elena M. Krieger ; John Cannarella ; Craig B. Arnold
• 关键词：Off-grid renewables ; Lead-acid ; Lithium-ion ; Capacity fade ; Wind ; Variable charge
• 刊名：Energy
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：1 October, 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：60
• 期：Complete
• 页码：492-500
• 全文大小：3189 K

文摘

The effects of variable charging rates and incomplete charging in off-grid renewable energy applications are studied by comparing battery degradation rates and mechanisms in lead-acid, LCO (lithium cobalt oxide), LCO-NMC (LCO-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide composite), and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) cells charged with wind-based charging protocols. Poor pulse charge acceptance, particularly for long pulses, contributes to incomplete charging and rapid degradation of lead-acid cells due to apparent high rates of sulphation and resistance growth. Partial charging and pulse charging, common lead-acid stressors in off-grid applications, are found to have little if any effect on degradation in the lithium-based cells when compared to constant current charging. These cells all last much longer than the lead-acid cells; the LFP batteries show the greatest longevity, with minimal capacity fade observed after over 1000 cycles. Pulse charge acceptance is found to depend on pulse length in lead-acid and LFP cells, but not in LCO and LCO-NMC cells. Excellent power performance and consistent voltage and power behavior during cycling suggest that LFP batteries are well-suited to withstand the stresses associated with off-grid renewable energy storage and have the potential to reduce system lifetime costs.