The equilibrium between the S0 and S4 states in photosystem II was studied directly.
A lower estimate for the equilibrium constant of the S4 → S0 reaction is reported.
A high exergonicity for O2 formation in photosystem II is demonstrated.
A high exergonicity of the S4 → S0 step is required for kinetic efficiency of PSII.
Product release contributes significantly to the high driving force for O2 formation.