Study of the spectral-luminescence parameters of LuPO4-Ce nanoparticles upon the excitation by X-ray quanta and synchrotron radiation with photon energies of 4-25 eV was performed. Nanoparticles with mean size about a=35 nm and nanoparticles with size less than 12 nm reveal the different structures of cerium centers. Luminescence efficiency of LuPO4-Ce nanoparticles of a<12 nm size strongly decreases upon the excitation in the range of band-to-band transitions as well as in the case of X-ray excitation.