Elucidating the spawning migration and core reproductive duration of male flatfish using sperm duct volume as an index for better fishery advice and management
We elucidated the spawning migration and core reproductive duration of male flatfish. We investigated the seasonal development of the testes and sperm duct of Verasper moseri. Male V. moseri demonstrated repeated and widespread spawning migrations between feeding and spawning grounds over 700 km. An analysis related to the sperm duct volume identified the core duration of male reproduction. Our results underscore the necessity of more a widespread fishery management plan to enhance reproduction.