Drinking Water Treatment For Reducing Risks in Albanian Conditions

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• 作者：Alba Dumi^a ;   ; ^{besi.alba@yahoo.com} ; Gelina Maliqi (Ramolli)^b ;   ; ¹
• 关键词：Municipalities ; NGOs ; Urban Areas ; Drinking Water ; Social Leadership ; Strategic Changes
• 刊名：Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：24
• 期：Complete
• 页码：1343-1351
• 全文大小：445 K

文摘

Sanitation presents even more problems than drinking water. Sanitation coverage in urban areas is almost the same as drinking water coverage. Urban areas have mostly combined sewage and storm water collection networks that discharge into near bay surface water-bodies. About 40 % of the urban population has a sewer connection. In rural areas, only a small portion of the areas with piped water supply is equipped with sever networks. Most rural areas have individual household wastewater collection systems, principally simple pit-latrines with no drainage pipes. Upgrading of sewer networks hasn¡¯t kept pace with the general development of infrastructure, and the materials and technology used haven¡¯t been improved. Presently, there's no treatment of wastewater in Albania; its discharge in water bodies, especially in coastal tourist areas and delicate ecosystems, is a major environmental concern for the government/business/community/wide public. Albania faces a water distribution problem, not a water production problem. Studies indicate that available sources of supply could provide more than enough to satisfy the country's overall water demand. In many cities, water availability at the source is about 500-700 litres per capita per day, but leaks and waste mean that only a small fraction of water produced is consumed. Almost everywhere problems of water scarcity can be considerably mitigated through metering, leakage detection and reduction, network improvements, disconnection of illegal connections, and optimization of storage and supply patterns. The distribution problem also has a seasonal aspect: much more water is needed during the summer growing season; when rainfall is scarce, rural drinking water is often misused for irrigation; and the tourist resort areas use large amounts of water. The main issues handled out in this presentation are: strengthening local government leadership and initiative; partnership between municipalities and NGOs; concluding all of these in the community-based approaches to infrastructure services and neighbourhood revitalization.