Local potential evolutions during proton exchange membrane fuel cell operation with dead-ended anode - Part I: Impact of water diffusion and nitrogen crossover
Both water transport and nitrogen crossover govern fuel starvation. Without nitrogen in the cathode side fuel starvation is much slower than with air. Liquid water accumulation in the anode side can be avoided with a hotter anode. Without liquid water on the anode side, fuel starvation is also slower. Operation with a hotter anode can help limit significantly cathode ECSA losses.