Neurotoxicity of coral snake phospholipases A2 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

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• 作者：Nathalia Delazeri de Carvalho^a ; Raphael CaioTamborelli Garcia^d ; Adilson Kleber Ferreira^b ; Daniel Rodrigo Batista^e ; Antonio Carlos Cassola^e ; Durvanei Maria^b ; Ivo Lebrun^b ; Sylvia Mendes Carneiro^c ; Solange Castro Afeche^a ; Tania Marcourakis^d ; Maria Regina Lopes Sandoval^a ; ^{mrlsando@usp.br" class="auth_mail} ; ^{mrlsando@butantan.gov.br" class="auth_mail}
• 关键词：Micrurus lemniscatus venom ; Neurotoxic phospholipases A2 ; Calcium ; Mitochondrial transmembrane potential ; hippocampal cell culture ; Neuronal cell death
• 刊名：Brain Research
• 出版年：13 March, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：1552
• 期：Complete
• 页码：1-16
• 全文大小：5652 K

文摘

The neurotoxicity of two secreted Phospholipases A2 from Brazilian coral snake venom in rat primary hippocampal cell culture was investigated. Following exposure to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 toxins, an increase in free cytosolic Ca²⁺ and a reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (螖唯m) became evident and occurred prior to the morphological changes and cytotoxicity. Exposure of hippocampal neurons to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 caused a decrease in the cell viability as assessed by MTT and LDH assays. Inspection using fluorescent images and ultrastructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that multiphase injury is characterized by overlapping cell death phenotypes. Shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies were observed. The most striking alteration observed in the electron microscopy was the fragmentation and rarefaction of the neuron processes network. Degenerated terminal synapses, cell debris and apoptotic bodies were observed among the fragmented fibers. Numerous large vacuoles as well as swollen mitochondria and dilated Golgi were noted. Necrotic signs such as a large amount of cellular debris and membrane fragmentation were observed mainly when the cells were exposed to highest concentration of the PLA2-neurotoxins. PLA2s exposed cultures showed cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with cell debris, clusters of mitochondria presented mitophagy-like structures that are in accordance to patterns of programmed cell death by autophagy. Finally, we demonstrated that the sPLA2s, Mlx-8 and Mlx-9, isolated from the Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom induce a hybrid cell death with apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic features. Furthermore, this study suggests that the augment in free cytosolic Ca²⁺ and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the neurotoxicity of Elapid coral snake venom sPLA2s.