CPR learning outcomes after one session in secondary school

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• 作者：K. De Martelaer ; K. Monsieurs ; V. Van Raemdonck
• 关键词：Health expenditures ; Panel unit root tests ; Lagrange multiplier ; Structural break
• 刊名：Resuscitation
• 出版年：2008
• 出版时间：May 2008
• 年：2008
• 卷：77
• 期：Supplement 1
• 页码：S24-S25
• 全文大小：57 K

文摘

The combination of anion exchange resins (AERs) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) was studied to remove both natural organic matter (NOM) and pesticides. Experiments were conducted with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) surface water (about 6.0 mg DOC/L) spiked with both atrazine and isoproturon. AERs, like MIEX^® and IRA938^®, showed up to 75 % removal of DOC after 30 min contact time. The addition of PAC after treatment with these AERs only slightly decreased the residual DOC from 1.4 to 1.2 mg/L. Experiments conducted with high (200 μg/L) and low (1 μg/L) initial pesticide concentrations showed that simultaneous and successive combinations of AER and PAC significantly improve the removal of both pesticides compared with PAC treatment on raw water. The improvement of short-term adsorption kinetics was explained by the adsorption of pesticides on AERs (about 5 % ) and the removal of high molecular weight (MW) NOM structures by AERs that reduce pore blockage phenomena. For 24 h contact time with PAC (adsorption isotherms), the benefit of AER treatment was lower, which indicates that the refractory DOC to AER treatment still competes through direct site competition mechanism. MIEX^® resin had a distinct behavior since the simultaneous treatment with PAC showed no benefit on pesticide adsorption. The presence of fine residues of MIEX^® was shown to interfere with PAC adsorption.