Fetal development of the pulley for muscle insertion tendons: A review and new findings related to the tensor tympani tendon

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• 作者：Jose Francisco Rodrí ; guez-Vá ; zquez^a ; Yohei Honkura^b ; ^{y-honkura@orl.med.tohoku.ac.jp} ; Yukio Katori^b ; Gen Murakami^c ; Hiroshi Abe^d
• 关键词：TT ; tensor tympani ; CRL ; crown-rump length ; CTN ; chorda tympani nerve ; FN ; facial nerve ; GO ; os goniale ; GPN ; greater petrosal nerve ; IN ; incus ; IH ; interhyale ; LPM ; lateral pterygoid muscle ; LSC ; lateral semicircular canal ; MA ; malleus ; MC ; Meckeĺs cartilage ; MN ; mandibular nerve ; OG ; otic ganglion ; PG ; parotid gland ; PTC ; pharyngotympanic tube cartilage ; RC ; Reichert́s cartilage ; ST ; stapes ; STA ; superficial temporal artery ; STM ; stapedius muscle ; STT ; stapedius tendon ; TC ; tympanic cavity ; TE
• 刊名：Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：209
• 期：Complete
• 页码：1-10
• 全文大小：10325 K
• 卷排序：209

文摘

The existence of hard tissue pulleys that act to change the direction of a muscle insertion tendon is well known in the human body. These include (1) the trochlea for the extraocular obliquus superior muscle, (2) the pterygoid hamulus for the tensor veli palatini muscle, (3) the deep sulcus on the plantar aspect of the cuboid bone for the peroneus longus tendon, (4) the lesser sciatic notch for the obturator internus muscle, and (5) the bony trochleariformis process for the tensor tympani muscle tendon. In addition, (6) the stapedius muscle tendon shows a lesser or greater angulation at the pyramidal eminence of the temporal bone. Our recent studies have shown that the development of pulleys Nos. 1 and 2 can be explained by a change in the topographical relationship between the pulley and the tendon, that of pulley No. 3 by the rapidly growing calcaneus pushing the tendon, and that of pulley No. 4 by migration of the insertion along the sciatic nerve and gluteus medius tendon. Therefore, in Nos. 1–4, an initially direct tendon curves secondarily and obtains an attachment to the pulley. In case No. 6, the terminal part of the stapedius tendon originates secondarily from the interzone mesenchymal tissue of the incudostapedial joint. In the case of pulley No. 5, we newly demonstrated that its initial phase of development was similar to No. 6, but the tensor tympani tendon achieved a right-angled turn under guidance by a specific fibrous tissue and it migrated along the growing malleus manubrium.