Peptidyl toxins are used extensively to determine the pharmacology of ion channels. Four families of peptides have been purified from scorpion venom. In this article, the classification of K
-channel-blocking peptides belonging to family 2 peptides and comprising 30–40 amino acids linked by three or four disulfide bridges, will be discussed. Evidence is provided for the existence of 12 molecular subfamilies, named α-KTx1–12, containing 49 different peptides. Because of the pharmacological divergence of these peptides, the principle of classification was based on a primary sequence alignment, combined with maximum parsimony and Neighbour-Joining analysis.
Cited by: | - Zeng, Xian-Chun; Peng, Fang; Luo, Feng; Zhu, Shun-Yi; Liu, Hui; Li, Wen-Xin,""Molecular cloning and characterization of four scorpion K+-toxin-like peptides: A new subfamily of venom peptides (a-KTx14) and genomic analysis of a member1""Biochimie2001pp. 883-889
gaoa m"">Bibliographic Pagegaoam&form=pdf&file=file.pdf"">Full TextGarcia-Valdes, Jesus; Zamudio, Fernando Z.; Toro, Ligia; Possan, Lourival D.,""Slotoxin, aKTx1.11, a new scorpion peptide blocker of MaxiK channels that differentiates between a and a+b (b1 or b4) complexes""FEBS Letters2001pp. 369-373 Bibliographic PageFull TextAlami, Meriem; Ouafik, L'Houcine; Ceard, Brigitte; Legros, Christian; Bougis, Pierre E.; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France,""Characterisation of the gene encoding the a-toxin Amm V from the scorpion Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus""Toxicon2001pp. 1579-1585 Bibliographic PageFull TextVacher, Helene; Romi-Lebrun, Regine; Mourre, Christiane; Lebrun, Bruno; Kourrich, Said; Masmejean, Frederique; Nakajima, Terumi; Legros, Christian; Crest, Marcel; Bougis, Pierre E.; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France,""A new class of scorpion toxin binding sites related to an A-type K+ channel: pharmacological characterization and localization in rat brain""FEBS Letters2001pp. 31-36 Bibliographic PageFull TextZhu, Shun-Yi; Li, Wen-Xin; Zeng, Xian-Chun,""Precursor nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of BmTXKS1, a new scorpion toxin-like peptide from Buthus martensii Karsch""Toxicon2001pp. 1291-1296 Bibliographic PageFull TextGarcia, M.L.; Gao, Ying-Duo; McManus, O.B.; Kaczorowski, G.J.,""Potassium channels: from scorpion venoms to high-resolution structure""Toxicon2001pp. 739-748 Bibliographic PageFull TextDudina, Ekaterina E.; Korolkova, Yuliya V.; Bocharova, Nataliya E.; Koshelev, Sergey G.; Egorov, Tsezi A.; Huys, Isabelle; Tytgat, Jan; Grishin, Eugene V.,""OsK2, a New Selective Inhibitor of Kv1.2 Potassium Channels Purified from the Venom of the Scorpion Orthochirus scrobiculosus""Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2001pp. 841-847 Bibliographic PageFull TextCorona, Miguel; Gurrola, Georgina B.; Merino, Enrique; Cassulini, Rita Restano; Valdez-Cruz, Norma A.; Garcia, Blanca; Ramirez-Dominguez, Martha E.; Coronas, Fredy I.V.; Zamudio, Fernando Z.; Wanke, Enzo; Possani, Lourival D.,""A large number of novel Ergtoxin-like genes and ERG K+-channels blocking peptides from scorpions of the genus Centruroides""FEBS Letters2002pp. 121-126 Bibliographic PageFull TextZeng, Xian-Chun; Wang, San-Xia; Li, Wen-Xin,""Identification of BmKAPi, a novel type of scorpion venom peptide with peculiar disulfide bridge pattern from Buthus martensii Karsch""Toxicon2002pp. 1719-1722 Bibliographic PageFull TextBatista, Cesar V.F.; Gomez-Lagunas, Froylan; Rodriguez de la Vega, Ricardo C.; Hajdu, Peter; Panyi, Gyorgy; Gaspar, Rezso; Possani, Lourival D.,""Two novel toxins from the Amazonian scorpion Tityus cambridgei that block Kv1.3 and Shaker B K+-channels with distinctly different affinities""BBA - Proteins and Proteomics2002pp. 123-131 Bibliographic PageFull TextDhawan, Ritu; Joseph, Suresh; Sethi, Anurag; Lala, Anil K.,""Purification and characterization of a short insect toxin from the venom of the scorpion Buthus tamulus""FEBS Letters2002pp. 261-266 Bibliographic PageFull TextGoudet, Cyril; Chi, Cheng-Wu; Tytgat, Jan,""An overview of toxins and genes from the venom of the Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch""Toxicon2002pp. 1239-1258 Bibliographic PageFull TextNastainczyk, W.; Meves, H.; Watt, D.D.,""A short-chain peptide toxin isolated from Centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom inhibits ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ channels""Toxicon2002pp. 1053-1058 Bibliographic PageFull TextZhu, Shunyi; Li, Wenxin,""Precursors of three unique cysteine-rich peptides from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch""Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B2002pp. 749-756 Bibliographic PageFull TextSrinivasan, K.N.; Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Tan, P.T.; Chew, K.C.; Cheng, B.; Kini, R.M.; Koh, J.L.Y.; Seah, S.H.; Brusic, V.,""SCORPION, a molecular database of scorpion toxins""Toxicon2002pp. 23-31 Bibliographic PageFull TextOlamendi-Portugal, Timoteo; Ines Garcia, Blanca; Lopez-Gonzalez, Ignacio; Van Der Walt, Jurg; Dyason, Karin; Ulens, Chris; Tytgat, Jan; Felix, Ricardo; Darszon, Alberto; Possani, Lourival D.,""Two new scorpion toxins that target voltage-gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels""Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2002pp. 562-568 Bibliographic PageFull TextD'Suze, G.; Moncada, S.; Gonzalez, C.; Sevcik, C.; Aguilar, V.; Alagon, A.,""Relationship between plasmatic levels of various cytokines, tumour necrosis factor, enzymes, glucose and venom concentration following Tityus scorpion sting""Toxicon2003pp. 367-375 Bibliographic PageFull TextGrottesi, Alessandro; Sansom, Mark S.P.,""Molecular dynamics simulations of a K+ channel blocker: Tc1 toxin from Tityus cambridgei""FEBS Letters2003pp. 29-33 Bibliographic PageFull TextLegros, Christian; Bougis, Pierre E.; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France,""Characterisation of the genes encoding Aa1 isoforms from the scorpion Androctonus australis""Toxicon2003pp. 115-119 Bibliographic PageFull TextVacher, Helene; Romi-Lebrun, Regine; Crest, Marcel; Masmejean, Frederique; Bougis, Pierre E.; Darbon, Herve; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France,""Functional consequences of deleting the two C-terminal residues of the scorpion toxin BmTX3""BBA - Proteins and Proteomics2003pp. 152-156 Bibliographic PageFull TextCao, Zhijian; Xiao, Fan; Peng, Fang; Jiang, Dahe; Mao, Xin; Liu, Hui; Li, Wenxin; Hu, Dan; Wang, Teng,""Expression, purification and functional characterization of a recombinant scorpion venom peptide BmTXKb""Peptides2003pp. 187-192 Bibliographic PageFull TextDhawan, Ritu; Varshney, Anurag; Mathew, M.K.; Lala, Anil K.,""BTK-2, a new inhibitor of the Kv1.1 potassium channel purified from Indian scorpion Buthus tamulus""FEBS Letters2003pp. 7-13 Bibliographic PageFull TextTorres, Allan M.; Bansal, Paramjit; Alewood, Paul F.; Bursill, Jane A.; Kuchel, Philip W.; Vandenberg, Jamie I.,""Solution structure of CnErg1 (Ergtoxin), a HERG specific scorpion toxin""FEBS Letters2003pp. 138-142 Bibliographic PageFull TextRodriguez de la Vega, Ricardo C.; Merino, Enrique; Becerril, Baltazar; Possani, Lourival D.,""Novel interactions between K+ channels and scorpion toxins""Trends in Pharmacological Sciences2003pp. 222-227 Bibliographic PageFull TextCoronas, F.V.; Stankiewicz, M.; Batista, C.V.F.; Giraud, S.; Alam, J.M.; Possani, L.D.; Mebs, D.; Pelhate, M.,""Primary structure and electrophysiological characterization of two almost identical isoforms of toxin from Isometrus vittatus (family: Buthidae) scorpion venom""Toxicon2003pp. 989-997 Bibliographic PageFull TextLi, Ming-Hua; Zhang, Nai-Xia; Chen, Xue-Qin; Wu, Gong; Wu, Hou-Ming; Hu, Guo-Yuan,""BmKK4, a novel toxin from the venom of Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, inhibits potassium currents in rat hippocampal neurons in vitro""Toxicon2003pp. 199-205 Bibliographic PageFull TextPimenta, Adriano M.C.; Legros, Christian; Marco Almeida, Flavia de; Mansuelle, Pascal; De Lima, Maria Elena; Bougis, Pierre E.; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie France,""Novel structural class of four disulfide-bridged peptides from Tityus serrulatus venom""Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2003pp. 1086-1092 Bibliographic PageFull TextPossani, Lourival D.; Merino, Enrique; Corona, Miguel; Bolivar, Francisco; Becerril, Baltazar,""Peptides and genes coding for scorpion toxins that affect ion-channels""Biochimie2000pp. 861-868 Bibliographic PageFull TextBatista, Cesar V.F.; Gomez-Lagunas, Froylan; Lucas, Sylvia; Possani, Lourival D.,""Tc1, from Tityus cambridgei, is the first member of a new subfamily of scorpion toxin that blocks K+-channels""FEBS Letters2000pp. 117-120 Bibliographic PageFull Text |