We report a rational harmonic mode-locked fiber laser employing a bismuth-oxide-based highly nonlinear erbium-doped fiber (Bi-HNL-EDF) with a length of 1.5 m. The Bi-HNL-EDF is used as a broadband gain medium and as a noise suppressor based on self-phase modulation. The amplitude of the rational harmonic mode-locked pulses can be regulated by properly tuning the modulation parameters of the intracavity modulator. The cavity length as short as 6 m enables generation of stable and clean short pulses with a repetition frequency up to 40 GHz over the wavelength range covering both the conventional and the longer bands.