Osteopontin (OPN) induces abrupt switching of morphologies in kidney stone-related calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM).
Transformation from facetted hyper twins to textured dumbbells occurs without intermediate habits.
Synthesized hyper twins and dumbbells resemble habits in the mantle and core of papillary kidney stones.
Evidence suggests that OPN is the strongest proteomic effector of COM formation in the urinary tract.