We analyzed invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 229 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who received antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole or conventional azoles, during induction/salvage chemotherapy

The 1-year cumulative incidence of invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 14% and 4% in patients who received conventional azoles (group A) or (group B), respectively (P = .012)

Multivariate analysis identified the use of alternative donors, prophylaxis with conventional azoles, and reduced-intensity conditionings as independent risk factors for the development of invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Posaconazole prophylaxis during induction/salvage chemotherapy may significantly reduce the fungal burden, thereby limiting the development of overt infection in later phases of the disease including the post–hematopoietic stem cell transplantation period