A comprehensive review of the engineered nanoscale materials (ENMs) used in the development of desalination and water treatment membranes.

Discussion and analysis of the methods used to engineer nanocomposite membranes by incorporating ENMs in polymeric materials.

Identification of the benefits of incorporating particular ENMs into polymeric membranes.

Discussion of the problems associated with incorporating ENMs into polymeric membranes and the strategies adopted to overcome these.

Future prospects for the development of nanocomposite membranes.