Concentrations and determinants of outdoor, indoor and personal nitrogen dioxide in pregnant women from two Spanish birth cohorts

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• 作者：Natalia Valero ; Inmaculada Aguilera ; Sabrina Llop ; Ana Esplugues ; Audrey de Nazelle ; Ferran Ballester ; Jordi Sunyer
• 关键词：Air pollution ; Pregnancy ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Exposure determinants ; Indoor pollution ; Personal exposure ; Cohort studies ; INMA study
• 刊名：Environment International
• 出版年：2009
• 出版时间：November 2009
• 年：2009
• 卷：35
• 期：8
• 页码：1196-1201
• 全文大小：190 K

文摘

Determinants of outdoor, indoor and personal concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were assessed in a subset of pregnant women of the Spanish INMA (Environment and Childhood) Study. Home indoor and outdoor NO₂ concentrations were measured during 48 h with passive samplers for 50 and 58 women from the INMA cohorts of Valencia and Sabadell, respectively. Women from Sabadell also carried personal NO₂ samplers during the same period. Data on time–activity patterns, socio-economic characteristics, and environmental exposures were obtained through questionnaires. Multiple linear regression models were developed to predict NO₂ levels.

In Valencia, median outdoor NO₂ levels (42 µg/m³) were higher than median indoor levels (36 µg/m³). In Sabadell, personal NO₂ showed the highest median levels (40 µg/m³), followed by indoor (32 µg/m³) and outdoor (29 µg/m³) levels. Personal exposure to NO₂ correlated best with the indoor NO₂ levels. Temporal and traffic-related variables were significant predictors for outdoor NO₂ levels. Thirty-two percent of the indoor NO₂ variability in the two cohorts was explained by outdoor NO₂ levels and the use of the gas appliances. The model for personal exposure accounted for 59 % of the variance in NO₂ levels in Sabadell with four predictor variables (outdoor and indoor NO₂ levels, time spent in outdoor environments and time exposed to a gas cooker). No significant association was found between personal or indoor NO₂ levels and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home.

Personal NO₂ levels were found to be strongly influenced by indoor NO₂ concentrations. The study supports the use of time–activity patterns along with indoor measurements to predict personal exposure to traffic-related air pollution.