The learning and memory ability is evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) task and Y-maze test following intrahippocampal infusion of aggregated Aβ1–42. The expression level of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), NF-κB p65, Bcl-2 and Bax was examined by Western blot. TLR-4 level is also assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to determine the generation of inflammatory mediators. The caspase-3 activity is analyzed by commercial kits.
The repeated treatment with CTS (750 mg/kg or 375 mg/kg per day) for 3 weeks significantly restored Aβ1–42-induced memory impairment in mice. Meanwhile, this treatment also remarkably reduced TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 expression accompanying with the diminished release of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β in hippocampus. The neuronal apoptosis is also inhibited as evidenced by increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decrease in pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 activity compared to that of the model mice.
Our results show for the first time that chotosan can ameliorate Aβ1–2-induced memory dysfunction via inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis at least partially mediated by TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway.