High resolution crustal model of Qinling is obtained by joint analysis of surface wave, receiver function, and gravity.
Crustal low velocity and low Vp/Vs ratio of the Qinling indicates a felsic crust with the removal of mafic lower crust.
A ~ 10 km high-velocity and -density layer beneath the central NCC with high Vp/Vs ratio suggests mafic underplating.