We compared the recent studies that support the down-regulation, as well as up-regulation, of NO production by Pin1 and tried to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. We especially compared the different regulations of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by Pin1, which is potentially the major reason leading to the controversial role of Pin1. Interestingly, the regulation of both eNOS and iNOS by Pin1 involves a double-edge effect, positively and negatively, contributing to paradoxical Pin1 functions in different animal models and cell lines. The extremely complex Pin1-regulated signaling networks might further exacerbate distinct cellular responses in vivo and influence NO production.
Pin1 plays a dual role, both positive and negative, in regulating NO production and in mediating the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Pin1 functions may vary a lot under different circumstances. Future investigations should focus on eNOS as well as iNOS in order to increase authenticity and accuracy of results.