Physiological responses to cadmium were assessed in midge populations with heritably different Cd-tolerance. Protein profiles varied with Cd exposure and Cd-tolerance of populations. Cd-tolerant populations had higher baseline levels of metallothioneins and glutathione and higher energy consumption with Cd. Cd exposure increased glutathione and lipid peroxidation in Cd-sensitive populations. Cd-tolerance is related with different constitutive levels and plasticity of defence mechanisms.