- 作者：Martin W. von Websky ; MD?/sup> ; Martina Vitz ; MD&dagger ; ; Dimitri A. Raptis ; MD?/sup> ; R. Rosenthal ; MD&Dagger ; ; P.A. Clavien ; MD?/sup> ; Dieter Hahnloser ; MD?/sup> ; dieter.hahnloser@chuv.ch
- 关键词：laparoscopy ; laparoscopic training ; proficiency benchmarks ; surgical education ; patient safety ; virtual reality
- 刊名：Journal of Surgical Education
- 出版年：2012
- 出版时间：July-August, 2012
- 年：2012
- 卷：69
- 期：4
- 页码：459-467
- 全文大小：1018 K
Background
Virtual reality devices are becoming the backbone for laparoscopic training in surgery. However, without knowledge of the achievable metrics of basic training within the trainee group, these simulators cannot be used effectively. Currently, no validated task metrics of the performance of larger trainee groups are available.Study Design
From April 2004 to December 2009, we collated an extensive prospective database using the Simbionix LAP Mentor (Simbionix USA, Cleveland, Ohio) for basic laparoscopic training of novice surgeons. This database was used to determine benchmarks for basic skill exercises and procedural tasks that combine stimulus to improve and feasibility with acceptance of the training program and the goal to train for safe surgery.
Results
In all, 18,996 task performances of 286 novice trainees were analyzed. For the basic skill exercises, the total time for correct execution ranged between 45 seconds for basic skill 3 (eye-hand coordination) and 269 seconds for basic skill 9 (object placement). For the procedural tasks, the total time for correct execution ranged between 68 seconds for procedural task 1 (clipping and cutting) and 256 seconds for procedural task 3 (dissection). The total time to task completion depended mainly on right instrument path length with high correlation to left instrument path length. Learning curve analyses of the 4 procedural tasks demonstrated performance plateaus after 10-15 repetitions. Most complications occurred during the initial repetitions of the respective task. The best quartile of performances was chosen as peer group benchmark because it provides sufficient stimulus for improvement without discouraging trainees, thus enhancing adherence to the training program. The benchmark for safety and accuracy parameters was set at a predefined level of 95 % correct execution.
Conclusions
As experience with virtual reality (VR) training is growing, curricula must be based on benchmarks for efficient training derived from large trainee groups to optimize use of the still costly simulators. Safety parameters should be included in trainee assessment. We share a set of metrics that take into account both performance and feasibility for basic laparoscopic training of surgical novices using the Simbionix LAP Mentor.