It has been found that the students' learning outcomes were significantly influenced by three factors — self-control, self-regulated learning, and course participation.

The students' self-regulated learning was constructed by four factors: a) self-management; b) metacognitive awareness; c) intrinsic orientation (i.e., desire for intrinsic understanding); and d) performance orientation (i.e., desire to perform well).

When adding self-control and self-regulated learning in PLS modelling, it was found that the influence of self-control on the students' learning outcomes was mediated through self-regulated learning and course participation.