As a new class of anisotropic nanomaterial, AuNRs display two characteristic transverse and longitudinal optical bands, which endow them unique properties.

The controllable spatial arrangements of AuNRs could be achieved in various modes.

AuNRs are particularly applicable towards sensing of a variety of analytes by assembling, aggregating, etching, or FRET strategies.

AuNRs present promising application potential in imaging, such as dark-field, two-photon luminescence, photoacoustic, and Raman imaging.

The absorption in near-infrared region endow AuNRs with the unique photpthermal properties for cancer therapy, which could be developed for synergistic treatment.