- 作者：David R. Lloyd ; Michael A. Kausch ; Amy M. Gancarz ; Linda J. Beyley ; Jerry B. Richards
- 关键词：ANOVA ; analysis of variance ; CS ; conditioned stimulus ; CR ; conditioned reinforcer ; DA ; dopamine ; METH ; methamphetamine ; NAC ; nucleus accumbens ; RFActive ; relative frequency of active responding ; SC ; superior colliculus ; SR ; sensory reinforcer ; VI ; variabl
- 刊名：Behavioural Brain Research
- 出版年：2012
- 出版时间：1 October, 2012
- 年：2012
- 卷：234
- 期：2
- 页码：312-322
- 全文大小：788 K
Background
Light onset can be both a sensory reinforcer (SR) with intrinsic reinforcing properties, and a conditioned reinforcer (CR) which predicts a biologically important reinforcer. Stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), may increase the reinforcing effectiveness of CRs by enhancing the predictive properties of the CR. In contrast, METH-induced increases in the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs, are mediated by the immediate sensory consequences of the light.Methods
The effects of novelty (on SRs) and METH (on both CRs and SRs) were tested. Experiment 1: rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light and water pairings presented according to a variable-time (VT) 2 min schedule or unpaired water and light presented according to independent, concurrent VT 2 min schedules. Experiment 2: rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light presented according to a VT 2 min schedule, or no stimuli. In both experiments, the pre-exposure phase was followed by a test phase in which 5 s light onset was made response-contingent on a variable-interval (VI) 2 min schedule and the effects of METH (0.5 mg/kg) were determined.
Results
Novel light onset was a more effective reinforcer than familiar light onset. METH increased the absolute rate of responding without increasing the relative frequency of responding for both CRs and SRs.
Conclusion
Novelty plays a role in determining the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs. The results are consistent with the interpretation that METH-induced increases in reinforcer effectiveness of CRs and SRs may be mediated by immediate sensory consequences, rather than prediction.